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Showing posts with label _MATHEMATICIAN. Show all posts
Showing posts with label _MATHEMATICIAN. Show all posts

Monday, June 29, 2020

June 29, 2020

Prashant Chandra Mahalnobis; The great statistician प्रशांत चंद्र महालनोबिस : एक महान सांख्यिकीविद

Prashant Chandra Mahalnobis; The great statistician
प्रशांत चंद्र महालनोबिस : एक महान सांख्यिकीविद 


P.C.Mahalnobis एक बहुत ही प्रसिद्द वैज्ञानिक और सांखियकीविद थे , जिन्होंने भारत देश के कई योजनाओ में अपना महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया। इनकी याद में 29 जून को भारत में सांख्यिकी दिवस मनाया जाता है। इनके द्वारा बताई गयी Mahalnobis Distance एक statistical measurment है जिसका उपयोग सांख्यिकी के क्षेत्र में होता है। इसके साथ वे फेल्डमैन महालनोबिस मॉडल के लिए भी काफी प्रसिद्द हैं। इनके उल्लेखनीय योगदान के लिए इन्हे कई सम्मान व पुरस्कार प्रदान किये गए जिनकी संख्या भी इनकी प्रखरता के अनुसार अधिक हैं। 
  •  1944 :  ‘वेलडन मेडल’ पुरस्कार
  •  1945 :  लन्दन की रायल सोसायटी में फेलोशिप 
  •  1950 :  ‘इंडियन साइंस कांग्रेस’ का अध्यक्ष बनाया गया 
  • अमेरिका के ‘एकोनोमेट्रिक सोसाइटी’ फेलोशिप 
  •  1952 :  पाकिस्तान सांख्यिकी संस्थान का फेलोशिप 
  • 1954 :   रॉयल स्टैटिस्टिकल सोसाइटी का मानद फेलो 
  •  1957 :  प्रसाद सर्वाधिकार स्वर्ण पदक 
  •  1959 :  किंग्स कॉलेज का मानद फेलो 
  • 1957 :  अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी संस्थान का ऑनररी अध्यक्ष
  •  1968  : पद्म विभूषण 
  • 1968  :  श्रीनिवास रामानुजम स्वर्ण पदक
इनका जन्म 29 जून 1893 को कोलकाता में हुआ था। इनके पिता प्रबोध चंद्र महालनोबिस ब्रह्मो समाज के एक सक्रीय सदस्य थे। इनकी माता निरोदबासिनि एक सुशिक्षित महिला थीं। इनका विवाह 27 फरवरी 1923 को निर्मल कुमारी महालनोबिस से हुआ था। 
इनके कई शिक्षक भी विश्वप्रसिद्ध लोगों में गिने जाते हैं। भारत के महान वैज्ञानिक जगदीश चंद्र बोस तथा शारदा प्रसन्न दास और प्रफुल्ल चंद्र रॉय जैसे विख्यात लोग इनके शिक्षक रहे थे। इन शिक्षकों के सान्निध्य में ही इनकी प्रतिभा का विकास हुआ। मशहूर वैज्ञानिक मेघनाद साहा और विख्यात स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सुभाष चंद्र बोस इनके जूनियर थे। 
इनके ही अथक प्रयास से भारत में इंडियन स्टेटिस्टिकल इंस्टिट्यूट की स्थापना हुई ,जो आज विश्व भर में एक ख्यातिप्राप्त संस्थान है। इस संस्थान में बड़े पैमाने पर सैंपल सर्वे का खाका तैयार किया गया था। इन्होने ही भारत के द्वितीय पंचवर्षीय योजना को तैयार किया था। आज़ादी के बाद इन्हे मंत्रिमंडल में सांख्यिकी सलाहकार बनाया गया था। इन्होने देश से बेरोजगारी के उन्मूलन के लिए तत्कालीन सरकार के लिए कई योजनाएं बनाईं थी। 
इनके पिता के ब्रह्मो समाज के एक सदस्य होने के कारण इनकी भी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा उनके ही दादा द्वारा स्थापित ब्रह्मो बॉयज स्कूल में हुई थी। इनकी माता एक शिक्षित महिला थीं जिसके कारण इनके घर में शिक्षा का वातावरण  बना रहा। 1908 में मेट्रिक पास करनेके बाद ,1912 में इन्होने प्रेसीडेंसी कॉलेज से PHYSICS HONOURS की डिग्री ली।इसके बाद उन्होंने कैंब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय से गणित विज्ञान की डिग्री हासिल की।वहीं इनकी मुलाकात विश्वविख्यात गणितज्ञ रामानुजन से हुई थी। इन्होने टी.आर. विल्सन जैसे विख्यात लोगों के साथ भी काम किया। 
भारत लौटने के पश्चात ये प्रेसिडेंसी कॉलेज में भौतिकी के प्रोफेसर के पद पर नियुक्त हुए। कुछ दिनों के बाद ये वापस लंदन जाकर बायोमेट्रिका का अध्ययन किया और मानवशास्त्र तथा मौसम विज्ञानं जैसे  विषयों में सांख्यिकी के उपयोग की जानकारी हासिल की। 
फिर इन्होने भारत लौटकर 1931 में इंडियन स्टैटिस्टिकल इंस्टिट्यूट(ISI) की स्थापना की। जिसका रजिस्ट्रेशन 28 अप्रैल 1932 को किया गया। अपने अथक प्रयास से इन्होने इसका प्रशिक्षण विभाग भी स्थापित कर दिया। 1950 तक आते -आते ISI एक विश्वप्रसिद्ध संसथान के नामों में गिना जाने लगा। 1959 में इस संस्थान को INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE घोसित कर दिया गया। और इसे एक डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी का दर्जा दे दिया गया। 
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Sunday, June 21, 2020

June 21, 2020

GEORGE CANTOR


GEORGE CANTOR(1845-1912)








George cantor was one of the famous mathematician. George cantor called in full name George Ferdinand Ludwig Philip cantor . He was born on 3rd march, 1845 at st. Petersburg in Russia . He was a German mathematician who founded set theory and introduced the mathematically meaningful concept of transfinite numbers.
 Cantor's parents were Danish. Cantor is known for the inventor of set theory that later became a fundamental theory in  mathematics. His artistic mother was a Roman catholic came from a family of musicians and his father was a merchant . Cantor was the oldest of six children.
In 1956, George's father became ill and moved the family to "Frankfurt ". Cantor's mathematics talents emerged prior to his 15th birthday while he was studying in a private school. His father wanted to become him engineer and transferred to the university of Berlin to specialize in physic,philosophy and mathematics.
 He was taught by the mathematician " Karl Weierstrass "  whose specialization of analysis probably had the greatest influence on him. Ernst Edward kummer was specialized in higher arithmetic and Leopold Kronecker was specialist in the theory of number who latter opposed him . During his studying time he wrote his doctoral thesis in 1867 ," De Aequantionipus secundi Gradus Interminatis" .
                                      He also established the importance of one - to- one correspondence between the members of two sets ,who defined infinite and well defined ordered sets. He also proved the real number and also defined the cardinal and ordinal number. He first encountered sets while working on problems on trigonometric series . 
In 1884 ,cantor suffered from a nervous breakdown. Due to illness ,
 his application for teaching at Berlin as a professor was turned down . He founded the German mathematical in 1889 ,and also worked towards establishing the FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MATHEMATICIANS. 
Probably he lost all of his enthusiasm for mathematics. During suffered from 2nd bout of depression in 1889 and the death of his son too worsened his condition.
He was awarded by Royal society from Sylvester Medal .
Lastly , He died on 6 Jan ,1912  at place Halle, in Germany.

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Tuesday, June 16, 2020

June 16, 2020

Euclid: Father of geometry

Euclid: Father of geometry


Introduction


●   Euclid sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".
●   He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy .
●   His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics  from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century.
●   In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms.


Biography of Euclid

➢      Arabic authors concluded Euclid came from a rich background.➢      His Father was "Naucrates," and his Grandfather was Zenarchus.
      ➢      It is said that he was a Greek born in Tyre and lived in Damascus throughout his life.
      ➢      However, there is no certain evidence if he was the same person as Euclid of Alexandria is often confused with Euclid of Megara, another man who was a philosopher and lived at the time of Plato.

career


★  Euclid’s ‘Elements’ is considered as one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century.
★  It actually served as the main textbook for teaching mathematics during this period.
★   In his Elements, he deduced the principles of ‘Euclidean geometry’ from a small set of axioms
★   Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor.
★   In addition to his most famous work ‘Elements’, there are at least five works of Euclid that have survived to this day.
★  They seem to follow the same logical structure as followed in Elements. They are ‘Data’, ‘On Divisions of Figures', 'Catoptrics', 'Phaenomena' and 'Optics'.

Euclid’s Axioms


1.Given two points there is one straight line that joins them.
2. A straight line segment can be prolonged indefinitely.
3. A circle can be constructed when a point for its centre and a distance for its radius are given.
4. All right angles are equal.
5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the angles are less than the two right angles.
Euclid's common notions
6. The objects equal to the same things are equal.
7. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
8. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
9. The same objects  coincide with one another .
10. The whole is greater than a part. 

Euclid Elements


❖      Euclid compiled his Elements from a number of works of earlier men. Among these are Hippocrates of Chios not to be confused with the physician Hippocrates of Cos.
❖      The latest compiler before Euclid was Theudius, whose textbook was used in the Academy and was probably the one used by Aristotle .
❖      The older elements were at once
❖      superseded by Euclid’s and then forgotten.
❖      For his subject matter Euclid doubtless drew upon all his predecessors, but it is clear that the whole design of his work was his own, culminating in the construction of the five regular solids, now known as the Platonic solids.

Euclid Father of geometry

➔  Euclid was an ancient Greek mathematician in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to his groundbreaking work in math, he is often referred to as the 'Father of Geometry'.
➔  It presents several axioms, or mathematical premises so evident they must be true, which formed the basis of Euclidean geometry.

Euclidean Geometry

○   Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements.
○   Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions.

Some quotes of Euclid

➔      The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of God.” ...
➔      “There is no Royal Road to Geometry.” ...
➔      “What has been affirmed without proof can also be denied without proof.” ...
➔      “Handwriting is a spiritual designing, even though it appears by means of a material instrument.” ...

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